Development of Propolis (Apis trigona)-loaded Nanoemulgel for Improved Skin Penetration of Caffeic Acid: The Effect of Variation of Oleic Acid Concentration

BACKGROUND: Propolis contains caffeic acid compounds, which are proven to have pharmacological effects as an anti-inflammatory. However, its effectiveness is hampered by the poor solubility of acid. Here, we report developing nanoemulgel approach containing propolis extract active ingredient and oleic a permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery AIM: This study aims determine effect concentration on increasing in skin obtain formula with desired physical characteristics stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: was macerated 70% ethanol; total phenolic content measured ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, levels extracts preparations were finally determined using ultra-fast liquid chromatography. Formulas made various concentrations acid, namely, 1.25%w/w (Formula F1); 2.5%w/w F2); 5%w/w F3), respectively; without F4) comparison. RESULTS: The results obtained from analysis variance statistical exhibited that difference four formulas significantly affected (p < 0.05) particle size, polydispersity index, spreadability, adhesion, freeze-thaw, permeation, retention test. there no significant > pH viscosity before after 4 weeks storage zeta potential highest amount found F3 F2, respectively, all tended follow zero-order drug release kinetics. Furthermore, showed number percent’s permeated row 3.74% (F1); 5.58% (F2); 11.67% (F3), F2 most optimal percentage 43.13% at 24 h. CONCLUSION: shows promising system natural lipophilic compounds treat inflammation skin.